diff --git a/src/core/state/impl/ObservableImpl.ts b/src/core/state/impl/ObservableImpl.ts
index c063e42..1728b34 100644
--- a/src/core/state/impl/ObservableImpl.ts
+++ b/src/core/state/impl/ObservableImpl.ts
@@ -10,68 +10,69 @@ import type {
  * 创建一个可观察对象，用于管理状态和事件。
  * @template T - 需要处理的状态类型
  * @example
+ * interface Todo {
+ *   id: number
+ *   text: string
+ *   done: boolean
+ * }
+ *
  * interface AppState {
  *   count: number
+ *   todos: Todo[]
  *   user: {
  *     name: string
  *     age: number
  *   }
- *   items: number[]
+ *   inc(): void
  * }
  *
- * // 创建 ObservableImpl
  * const obs = new ObservableImpl<AppState>({
  *   count: 0,
- *   user: { name: 'Alice', age: 20 },
- *   items: []
+ *   todos: [],
+ *   user: { name: "Alice", age: 20 },
+ *   inc() {
+ *     this.count++ // ✅ this 指向 obs.state
+ *   },
  * })
  *
- * // 1️⃣ 全量订阅
- * const unsubscribeAll = obs.subscribe(state => {
- *   console.log('全量订阅', state)
- * }, { immediate: true })
+ * // ================== 使用示例 ==================
  *
- * // 2️⃣ 单字段订阅
- * const unsubscribeCount = obs.subscribeKey('count', ({ count }) => {
- *   console.log('count 字段变化:', count)
+ * // 1. 订阅整个 state
+ * obs.subscribe(state => {
+ *   console.log("[全量订阅] state 更新:", state)
  * })
  *
- * // 3️⃣ 多字段订阅
- * const unsubscribeUser = obs.subscribeKey(['user', 'count'], ({ user, count }) => {
- *   console.log('user 或 count 变化:', { user, count })
+ * // 2. 订阅单个字段
+ * obs.subscribeKey("count", ({ count }) => {
+ *   console.log("[字段订阅] count 更新:", count)
  * })
  *
- * // 4️⃣ 修改属性
- * obs.state.count = 1      // ✅ 会触发 count 和全量订阅
- * obs.state.user.age = 21  // ✅ 深层对象修改触发 user 订阅
- * obs.state.user.name = 'Bob'
- * // 语法糖：解构赋值直接赋值触发通知
- * const { count, user, items } = obs.toRefsProxy()
- * count = 1            // 触发 Proxy set
- * user.age = 18        // 深层对象 Proxy 支持
- * items.push(42)       // 数组方法拦截触发通知
- *
- * // 5️⃣ 数组方法触发
- * obs.state.items.push(10)   // ✅ push 会触发 items 的字段订阅
- * obs.state.items.splice(0, 1)
- *
- * // 6️⃣ 批量修改（同一事件循环只触发一次通知）
- * obs.patch({
- *   count: 2,
- *   user: { name: 'Charlie', age: 30 }
+ * // 3. 订阅多个字段
+ * obs.subscribeKey(["name", "age"] as (keyof AppState["user"])[], (user) => {
+ *   console.log("[多字段订阅] user 更新:", user)
  * })
  *
- * // 7️⃣ 解构赋值访问对象属性仍然触发订阅
- * const { state } = obs
- * state.user.age = 31      // ✅ 会触发 user 订阅
+ * // 4. 批量更新
+ * obs.patch({ count: 10, user: { name: "Bob", age: 30 } })
  *
- * // 8️⃣ 取消订阅
- * unsubscribeAll()
- * unsubscribeCount()
- * unsubscribeUser()
+ * // 5. 方法里操作 state
+ * obs.state.inc() // this.count++ → 相当于 obs.state.count++
  *
- * // 9️⃣ 销毁 ObservableImpl
- * obs.dispose()
+ * // 6. 数组操作
+ * obs.subscribeKey("todos", ({ todos }) => {
+ *   console.log("[数组订阅] todos 更新:", todos.map(t => t.text))
+ * })
+ *
+ * obs.state.todos.push({ id: 1, text: "Buy milk", done: false })
+ * obs.state.todos.push({ id: 2, text: "Read book", done: false })
+ * obs.state.todos[0].done = true
+ *
+ * // 7. 嵌套对象
+ * obs.subscribeKey("user", ({ user }) => {
+ *   console.log("[嵌套订阅] user 更新:", user)
+ * })
+ *
+ * obs.state.user.age++
  */
 export class ObservableImpl<T extends TNonFunctionProperties<T>> implements IObservable<T> {
   /** Observable 状态对象，深层 Proxy */
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ export class ObservableImpl<T extends TNonFunctionProperties<T>> implements IObs
   private listeners: Set<TObservableListener<T>> = new Set()
 
   /** 字段订阅函数集合 */
-  private keyListeners: Map<keyof T, Set<Function>> = new Map()
+  private keyListeners: Map<keyof T, Set<TObservableKeyListener<T, keyof T>>> = new Map()
 
   /** 待通知的字段集合 */
   private pendingKeys: Set<keyof T> = new Set()
@@ -92,56 +93,73 @@ export class ObservableImpl<T extends TNonFunctionProperties<T>> implements IObs
   /** 是否已销毁 */
   private disposed = false
 
+  /** 缓存 Proxy，避免重复包装 */
+  private proxyCache: WeakMap<object, TObservableState<unknown>> = new WeakMap()
+
   constructor(initialState: TNonFunctionProperties<T>) {
     // 创建深层响应式 Proxy
     this.state = this.makeReactive(initialState) as TObservableState<T>
   }
 
-  /** 创建深层 Proxy，拦截 get/set */
-  private makeReactive(obj: TNonFunctionProperties<T>): TObservableState<T> {
-    const handler: ProxyHandler<any> = {
-      get: (target, prop: string | symbol, receiver) => {
-        const key = prop as keyof T
-        const value = Reflect.get(target, key, receiver)
-        if (Array.isArray(value)) return this.wrapArray(value, key)
-        if (typeof value === 'object' && value !== null) return this.makeReactive(value)
+  /** 创建深层 Proxy，拦截 get/set/delete，并自动缓存 */
+  private makeReactive<O extends object>(obj: O): TObservableState<O> {
+    // 非对象直接返回（包括 null 已被排除）
+    if (typeof obj !== "object" || obj === null) {
+      return obj as unknown as TObservableState<O>
+    }
+
+    // 如果已有 Proxy 缓存则直接返回
+    const cached = this.proxyCache.get(obj as object)
+    if (cached !== undefined) {
+      return cached as TObservableState<O>
+    }
+
+    const handler: ProxyHandler<O> = {
+      get: (target, prop, receiver) => {
+        const value = Reflect.get(target, prop, receiver) as unknown
+        // 不包装函数
+        if (typeof value === "function") {
+          return value
+        }
+        // 对对象/数组继续进行响应式包装（递归）
+        if (typeof value === "object" && value !== null) {
+          return this.makeReactive(value as object)
+        }
         return value
       },
-      set: (target, prop: string | symbol, value, receiver) => {
-        const key = prop as keyof T
-        const oldValue = target[key]
-        if (oldValue !== value) {
-          target[key] = value
-          this.pendingKeys.add(key)
+
+      set: (target, prop, value, receiver) => {
+        // 读取旧值（使用 Record 以便类型安全访问属性）
+        const oldValue = (target as Record<PropertyKey, unknown>)[prop as PropertyKey] as unknown
+        const result = Reflect.set(target, prop, value as unknown, receiver)
+        // 仅在值改变时触发通知（基于引用/原始值比较）
+        if (!this.disposed && oldValue !== (value as unknown)) {
+          this.pendingKeys.add(prop as keyof T)
           this.scheduleNotify()
         }
-        return true
+        return result
+      },
+
+      deleteProperty: (target, prop) => {
+        if (prop in target) {
+          // 使用 Reflect.deleteProperty 以保持一致性
+          const deleted = Reflect.deleteProperty(target, prop)
+          if (deleted && !this.disposed) {
+            this.pendingKeys.add(prop as keyof T)
+            this.scheduleNotify()
+          }
+          return deleted
+        }
+        return false
       }
     }
-    return new Proxy(obj, handler) as TObservableState<T>
+
+    const proxy = new Proxy(obj, handler) as TObservableState<O>
+    this.proxyCache.set(obj as object, proxy as TObservableState<unknown>)
+    return proxy
   }
 
-  /** 包装数组方法，使 push/pop 等触发通知 */
-  private wrapArray(arr: any[], parentKey: keyof T): any {
-    const self = this
-    const arrayMethods = ['push', 'pop', 'shift', 'unshift', 'splice', 'sort', 'reverse'] as const
-    arrayMethods.forEach(method => {
-      const original = arr[method]
-      Object.defineProperty(arr, method, {
-        value: function (...args: any[]) {
-          const result = original.apply(this, args)
-          self.pendingKeys.add(parentKey)
-          self.scheduleNotify()
-          return result
-        },
-        writable: true,
-        configurable: true,
-      })
-    })
-    return arr
-  }
-
-  /** 安排下一次通知 */
+  /** 安排下一次通知（微任务合并） */
   private scheduleNotify(): void {
     if (!this.notifyScheduled && !this.disposed) {
       this.notifyScheduled = true
@@ -149,40 +167,70 @@ export class ObservableImpl<T extends TNonFunctionProperties<T>> implements IObs
     }
   }
 
-  /** 执行通知 */
+  /** 执行通知（聚合字段订阅并保证错误隔离） */
   private flushNotify(): void {
     if (this.disposed) return
+
     const keys = Array.from(this.pendingKeys)
     this.pendingKeys.clear()
     this.notifyScheduled = false
 
-    // 全量订阅
-    for (const fn of this.listeners) {
-      fn(this.state)
-    }
-
-    // 字段订阅
-    const fnMap = new Map<Function, (keyof T)[]>()
-    for (const key of keys) {
-      const set = this.keyListeners.get(key)
-      if (!set) continue
-      for (const fn of set) {
-        if (!fnMap.has(fn)) fnMap.set(fn, [])
-        fnMap.get(fn)!.push(key)
+    // 全量订阅 —— 每个订阅单独 try/catch，避免一个错误阻塞其它订阅
+    for (const fn of Array.from(this.listeners)) {
+      try {
+        fn(this.state as unknown as T)
+      } catch (err) {
+        // 可以根据需要把错误上报或自定义处理
+        // 这里简单打印以便调试
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+        console.error("Observable listener error:", err)
       }
     }
 
+    // 字段订阅：把同一个回调的多个 key 聚合到一次调用里
+    const fnMap: Map<TObservableKeyListener<T, keyof T>, (keyof T)[]> = new Map()
+    for (const key of keys) {
+      const set = this.keyListeners.get(key)
+      if (!set) continue
+      for (const fn of Array.from(set)) {
+        const existing = fnMap.get(fn)
+        if (existing === undefined) {
+          fnMap.set(fn, [key])
+        } else {
+          existing.push(key)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // 调用每个字段订阅回调
     fnMap.forEach((subKeys, fn) => {
-      const result = {} as Pick<T, typeof subKeys[number]>
-      subKeys.forEach(k => (result[k] = this.state[k]))
-      fn(result)
+      try {
+        // 构造 Pick<T, K> 风格的结果对象：结果类型为 Pick<T, (typeof subKeys)[number]>
+        const result = {} as Pick<T, (typeof subKeys)[number]>
+        subKeys.forEach(k => {
+          // 这里断言原因：state 的索引访问返回 unknown，但我们把它赋回到受限的 Pick 上
+          result[k] = (this.state as Record<keyof T, unknown>)[k] as T[(typeof k) & keyof T]
+        })
+        // 调用时类型上兼容 TObservableKeyListener<T, K>，因为我们传的是对应 key 的 Pick
+        fn(result as unknown as any) // 最后一处转换仅为满足 TypeScript 调用签名（不引入 any 到实现变量）
+      } catch (err) {
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+        console.error("Observable keyListener error:", err)
+      }
     })
   }
 
   /** 订阅整个状态变化 */
   public subscribe(fn: TObservableListener<T>, options: { immediate?: boolean } = {}): () => void {
     this.listeners.add(fn)
-    if (options.immediate) fn(this.state)
+    if (options.immediate) {
+      try {
+        fn(this.state as unknown as T)
+      } catch (err) {
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+        console.error("Observable subscribe immediate error:", err)
+      }
+    }
     return () => {
       this.listeners.delete(fn)
     }
@@ -197,32 +245,48 @@ export class ObservableImpl<T extends TNonFunctionProperties<T>> implements IObs
     const keyArray = Array.isArray(keys) ? keys : [keys]
     for (const key of keyArray) {
       if (!this.keyListeners.has(key)) this.keyListeners.set(key, new Set())
-      this.keyListeners.get(key)!.add(fn)
+      // 存储为 Set<TObservableKeyListener<T, keyof T>>
+      this.keyListeners.get(key)!.add(fn as TObservableKeyListener<T, keyof T>)
     }
 
     if (options.immediate) {
       const result = {} as Pick<T, K>
-      keyArray.forEach(k => (result[k] = this.state[k]))
-      fn(result)
+      keyArray.forEach(k => {
+        result[k] = (this.state as Record<keyof T, unknown>)[k] as T[K]
+      })
+      try {
+        fn(result)
+      } catch (err) {
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+        console.error("Observable subscribeKey immediate error:", err)
+      }
     }
 
     return () => {
       for (const key of keyArray) {
-        this.keyListeners.get(key)?.delete(fn)
+        this.keyListeners.get(key)?.delete(fn as TObservableKeyListener<T, keyof T>)
       }
     }
   }
 
-  /** 批量更新状态 */
+  /** 批量更新状态（避免重复 schedule） */
   public patch(values: Partial<T>): void {
+    let changed = false
+    // 用 for..in 保持和对象字面量兼容（跳过原型链）
     for (const key in values) {
       if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(values, key)) {
         const typedKey = key as keyof T
-        this.state[typedKey] = values[typedKey]!
-        this.pendingKeys.add(typedKey)
+        const oldValue = (this.state as Record<keyof T, unknown>)[typedKey]
+        const newValue = values[typedKey] as unknown
+        if (oldValue !== newValue) {
+          // 直接写入 state，会被 Proxy 的 set 捕获并安排通知
+          ;(this.state as Record<keyof T, unknown>)[typedKey] = newValue
+          changed = true
+        }
       }
     }
-    this.scheduleNotify()
+    // 如果至少有一处变化，安排一次通知（如果写入已由 set 调度过也不会重复安排）
+    if (changed) this.scheduleNotify()
   }
 
   /** 销毁 Observable 实例 */
@@ -231,27 +295,29 @@ export class ObservableImpl<T extends TNonFunctionProperties<T>> implements IObs
     this.listeners.clear()
     this.keyListeners.clear()
     this.pendingKeys.clear()
+    this.proxyCache = new WeakMap()
   }
 
   /** 语法糖：返回一个可解构赋值的 Proxy */
   public toRefsProxy(): { [K in keyof T]: T[K] } {
     const self = this
-    return new Proxy({} as T, {
+    return new Proxy({} as { [K in keyof T]: T[K] }, {
       get(_, prop: string | symbol) {
         const key = prop as keyof T
-        return self.state[key]
+        return (self.state as Record<keyof T, unknown>)[key] as T[typeof key]
       },
       set(_, prop: string | symbol, value) {
         const key = prop as keyof T
-        self.state[key] = value
+        ;(self.state as Record<keyof T, unknown>)[key] = value as unknown
         return true
       },
       ownKeys() {
         return Reflect.ownKeys(self.state)
       },
-      getOwnPropertyDescriptor(_, prop: string | symbol) {
+      getOwnPropertyDescriptor(_, _prop: string | symbol) {
         return { enumerable: true, configurable: true }
       }
     })
   }
 }
+